Chris Voss · FBI Negotiator

GET TO
“THAT’S RIGHT”

A former FBI lead international kidnapping negotiator explains how to lower resistance, uncover what is not being said, protect a boundary, and turn agreement into action.

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Question
Act
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16 lessons63 min conversation
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GET TO “THAT’S RIGHT” — A former FBI lead international kidnapping negotiator explains how to lower resistance, uncover what is not being said, protect a boundary, and turn agreement into action.

Before the lessons

Who is speaking. Where the conversation comes from.

A quick orientation to the person, the publisher, and the context before entering the recap.

The person

Negotiator and instructor

Chris Voss

Former FBI lead international kidnapping negotiator

Chris Voss is the founder and CEO of The Black Swan Group. Before training executives and commercial teams, he spent 24 years with the FBI, becoming its lead international kidnapping negotiator and the lead crisis negotiator for the New York City division. He is also the co-author of Never Split the Difference, which adapts techniques developed in crisis situations to business negotiation.

Negotiation · Tactical empathy · Communication

Former FBI lead international kidnapping negotiator

Chris Voss is the founder and CEO of The Black Swan Group. Before training executives and commercial teams, he spent 24 years with the FBI, becoming its lead international kidnapping negotiator and the lead crisis negotiator for the New York City division. He is also the co-author of Never Split the Difference, which adapts techniques developed in crisis situations to business negotiation.

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The source

Long-form interview podcast

Modern Wisdom

Modern Wisdom is an interview podcast hosted by Chris Williamson. The series invites researchers, authors, entrepreneurs, athletes and practitioners to examine useful ideas about behavior, performance, relationships, health and society. Its long-form episodes favor explanation and conversation, allowing each guest to develop a method beyond an isolated clip or slogan.

Psychology · Performance · Communication

Long-form interview podcast

Modern Wisdom is an interview podcast hosted by Chris Williamson. The series invites researchers, authors, entrepreneurs, athletes and practitioners to examine useful ideas about behavior, performance, relationships, health and society. Its long-form episodes favor explanation and conversation, allowing each guest to develop a method beyond an isolated clip or slogan.

Explore this source

FOREWORD

This 2020 Modern Wisdom conversation follows Chris Voss from first principles—relationship, calm, and curiosity—into concrete tools such as mirrors, labels, calibrated questions, implementation checks, and full summaries.

The source uses auto-generated English captions. Every displayed English quote below is a short passage that normalize-matches the raw caption evidence. Garbled claims, uncertain speaker turns, and the episode’s stronger neuroscience assertions have been kept out of the editorial conclusions; the Philippines case remains explicitly presented as Voss’s account.

CHAPTER 1

SET THE FIELD BEFORE YOU BARGAIN

Before tactics, Voss changes the frame: protect the future relationship, make the problem—not the person—the adversary, and train composure before the stakes rise.

01

OPTIMIZE FOR THE NEXT DEAL

A fixed target can create tunnel vision because neither side begins with complete information. Voss therefore proposes a better relationship as the primary orientation: it makes disclosure and future dealings more likely while leaving room for an outcome neither party could see at the start. Judge the negotiation by what it reveals and what it preserves, not only by today’s number. Before entering, define the result you want, the information you still lack, and the relationship you may need afterward. A good deal should not make the next honest conversation harder.

— Chris Voss
Your
desired outcome
OPTIMIZE FOR THE NEXT DEAL
should be a better relationship.
02

MAKE THE SITUATION THE ADVERSARY

Calling the person across the table an adversary quietly organizes the conversation around defeat. Voss uses “counterpart” instead: two people are facing different sides of the same difficult situation. The vocabulary does not erase incompatible interests or bad behavior. It prevents conflict from becoming the only available identity. Attack the constraint, test the claim, and protect yourself without turning the human being into the problem. Write the shared problem in neutral language before the meeting. If the sentence assigns blame, rewrite it until both parties could recognize the situation—even if they still disagree about the solution.

— Chris Voss
We
refer to them
MAKE THE SITUATION THE ADVERSARY
as a counterpart.
03

READ PACE BEFORE INTENT

Silence can mean concentration to one person and anger to another. Voss uses that mismatch to show why a difficult exchange should not be diagnosed from one behavior alone. A fast, forceful style, a deliberate analytical pace, or a warm relational manner can each be misread. Before assigning motive, test what rhythm the other person needs to think. Ask whether they prefer time, detail, or live discussion. If silence appears, leave a beat and then check the meaning instead of filling it with your own anxiety. Adaptation is not stereotyping; it is a provisional hypothesis that the conversation can confirm or correct.

READ PACE BEFORE INTENT
— Chris Voss
There's an
obvious disconnect
here.
04

TRAIN LOW FOR HIGH STAKES

Confidence is unreliable when it is treated as a feeling that must arrive before action. Voss recommends rehearsing negotiation behaviors in ordinary interactions so calm delivery and curiosity are available when the stakes rise. The coffee order is not the deal; it is a low-cost repetition. Practice one observable skill at a time: slower pace, a clean mirror, a label, or a respectful boundary. Decide the repetition before the interaction and review only whether you attempted it. Small-stakes practice should remain ethical and transparent—it is for training your own response, not manipulating strangers into unnecessary concessions.

— Chris Voss
We advise
small-stakes
TRAIN LOW FOR HIGH STAKES
negotiations for high-stakes results.

CHAPTER 2

LOWER THE GUARD AND SURFACE INFORMATION

Tone, mirrors, and labels work as listening structures: they slow reactivity and invite the counterpart to expand what has not yet been said.

05

LOWER YOUR VOICE BEFORE THE HEAT RISES

Voss’s “late-night FM DJ voice” is a deliberate reduction of pace and intensity. Whatever its underlying mechanism, the practical value in this interview is behavioral: a calm tone is less likely to add threat, and hearing yourself use it can interrupt your own escalation. Regulate the delivery before trying to improve the argument. Drop the volume, shorten the sentence, and leave space after it. If you are too activated to speak without contempt or force, pause. A soothing tone cannot make an unsafe situation safe, but it can stop your voice from becoming one more problem the conversation must solve.

— Chris Voss
You just start
talking out loud
LOWER YOUR VOICE BEFORE THE HEAT RISES
in a calm voice.
06

MIRROR TO INVITE MORE

A hostage negotiator’s mirror repeats a small fragment of the counterpart’s last words, then leaves room. Voss says this often prompts the person to rephrase rather than defend the original sentence. His bank-robbery example shows the informational purpose: repeating the robber’s wording led him to mention a driver the negotiators did not know about. Use a mirror to understand, not to perform cleverness. Select one to three meaningful words, repeat them with neutral curiosity, and stop. Do not stack mirrors mechanically. Listen for the new detail, changed wording, or correction that follows, because that expansion—not the echo itself—is the value.

— Chris Voss
With the
mirror,
MIRROR TO INVITE MORE
people have a tendency to reword.
07

LABEL WITHOUT INTERROGATING

A label is a concise observation of an emotion or dynamic: “It seems…,” “It sounds…,” “It looks…,” or “It feels…”. Unlike a direct demand for an explanation, it offers a hypothesis the other person can confirm, reject, or refine. Name what appears to be happening without claiming privileged access to someone else’s mind. Keep the wording tentative and stop after the observation. If they correct you, the correction is useful information. If they expand, listen. A label fails when it becomes an accusation disguised as empathy—especially when the sentence quietly includes blame, diagnosis, or a verdict.

LABEL WITHOUT INTERROGATING
— Chris Voss
The label has got to be
concise.
It's a verbal observation.
08

NAME THE NEGATIVE WITHOUT ACCEPTING IT

When someone says they were treated unfairly, the instinct is often to rebut the charge immediately. Voss proposes naming their experience first: “You feel you’ve been treated unfairly.” That sentence acknowledges what they are saying without conceding that their account is factually correct. Recognition and agreement are different moves. Reflect the complaint accurately, then let the person respond before explaining the boundary or evidence. This works only when the recognition is sincere enough to show comprehension. It is not a formula for tolerating abuse, and it does not replace safety procedures when a situation is threatening.

— Chris Voss
You feel you've
been treated
NAME THE NEGATIVE WITHOUT ACCEPTING IT
unfairly.

CHAPTER 3

HOLD THE BOUNDARY AND TEST COMMITMENT

A productive negotiation must make room for no, distinguish real commitment from convenient agreement, and expose the work required after the handshake.

09

SAY NO WITHOUT A COLLISION

“How am I supposed to do that?” communicates that the demand is unworkable while returning the implementation problem to the person making it. Voss calls this a first way to say no because it can trigger reflection without the sudden impact of a blunt refusal. Use the question only when the constraint is real. Deliver it calmly, then wait. If the other side offers a workable route, evaluate it honestly; if the demand remains impossible, become more explicit. A calibrated question is not an escape from saying no—it is the first respectful test of whether the proposal can be redesigned.

— Chris Voss
How am I
supposed
SAY NO WITHOUT A COLLISION
to do that?
10

REPLACE YES WITH HOW

A sincere yes can still fail because good intention is not an implementation plan. Voss moves the conversation into execution by asking how: who acts, in what order, with which authority, resources, dependencies, and signals of completion? Do not celebrate agreement before walking it through reality. Ask the counterpart to describe the first steps in their own words. Then test the fragile points: another decision-maker, an unavailable budget, a deadline, or a behavior no one has owned. The purpose is not to trap them. It is to discover whether the promise can survive contact with the system that must deliver it.

— Chris Voss
As soon as you start
asking me how,
REPLACE YES WITH HOW
you put me in an implementation phase.
11

AUDIT THE YES

Voss distinguishes commitment, confirmation, and counterfeit yeses. One may authorize action, another merely verify a fact, and a third may be a convenient way to end pressure. Treating all three as commitment creates false confidence. Ask what the yes does next. A real commitment should connect to an owner, action, and time. Confirmation should not be inflated into consent. A reluctant or counterfeit yes is a signal to lower pressure and reopen the conversation. This is also why “yes momentum” is fragile: repeated small agreements can raise suspicion when the listener feels guided toward a decision they have not freely made.

AUDIT THE YES
— Chris Voss
There's
three kinds
of yeses: commitment, confirmation and counterfeit.
12

TEST FOR POST-DEAL REGRET

A counterpart can accept a price or condition and still leave feeling exploited. Voss warns that the unresolved injury may return later as obstruction, retaliation, or the end of the relationship. Closing the deal is therefore not enough; you must test how the deal feels after the pressure drops. Before finalizing, ask what could make the agreement difficult to defend tomorrow. Revisit the hardest concession, invite concerns, and make the implementation visible. Satisfaction is not guaranteed, and every deal contains tradeoffs. The objective is to uncover preventable resentment before it becomes an expensive surprise.

— Chris Voss
You're gonna
run into problems
TEST FOR POST-DEAL REGRET
on down the line.

CHAPTER 4

BUILD COLLABORATION THAT SURVIVES PRESSURE

The final moves reject premature harmony: open the information, search for overlap, protect disagreement, and summarize until the counterpart feels accurately understood.

13

DISTRUST A PREMATURE WIN-WIN

Voss objects to “win-win” when it appears as an opening shortcut. Before either side has shared meaningful information, neither can know what a genuine win contains for the other. The phrase can create the appearance of collaboration while hiding an attempt to define the outcome unilaterally. Do not announce mutual benefit; discover it. Ask what matters, what is constrained, what is being protected, and what would make the deal fail internally. Only after those answers emerge can both sides design and test value. Collaborative language earns credibility through the process that follows it, not through the friendliness of the label.

— Chris Voss
You don't know what a win is because you don't know what I'm
holding back.
DISTRUST A PREMATURE WIN-WIN
I don't know what you're holding back.
14

LOOK FOR OVERLAPPING GROUND

Meeting in the middle divides the existing difference; it does not necessarily create a better option. Voss prefers overlapping ground: the interests, capabilities, timing, or risks that can support a new arrangement. His broader warning about compromise is categorical, but the practical insight is narrower and useful. Before splitting the gap, search for a third design. List what each side values differently, what costs one side less than the other, and what neither proposal currently uses. Compromise may still be necessary. It should come after value creation has been explored, not before imagination has started.

— Chris Voss
Instead of
compromise
LOOK FOR OVERLAPPING GROUND
you're talking about collaboration.
15

DON’T PUNISH DISAGREEMENT

Forceful negotiators can mistake continued dialogue for approaching surrender. When every disagreement is met with attack, the other side learns that speaking is dangerous and eventually stops. The silence may look like control, but it often means information and possible deals have disappeared. Make it safe to disagree without making every demand acceptable. Separate the person’s right to state a concern from your decision about it. Ask for the objection, summarize it, and respond to the substance. Firm boundaries and open channels can coexist; punishment closes the very route through which a better proposal might arrive.

DON’T PUNISH DISAGREEMENT
— Chris Voss
What you become conditioned to do is to
stop talking
entirely, which means deals go away.
16

SUMMARIZE UNTIL “THAT’S RIGHT”

The capstone is a summary accurate enough that the counterpart recognizes their own world in it. “That’s right” is not the same as forced agreement; it signals that their position, pressures, and reasoning have been heard. Voss’s most dramatic example is his Philippines kidnapping account: he says a long summary was followed by a ransom demand moving from ten million to zero and never being raised again. That outcome is his reported case, not a guaranteed effect. Build the summary from their facts, emotions, constraints, and logic—without endorsing what you dispute. Wherever the conversation lands afterward, both sides are working from a clearer map.

— Chris Voss
Their point of view, when you
express it,
SUMMARIZE UNTIL “THAT’S RIGHT”
they'll say, “That's right.”

YOUR TURN

Voss’s system is less about finding a magic sentence than about controlling the sequence: regulate your delivery, make the other person’s perspective visible, surface information, state the boundary, and then test how the agreement will work.

The aim is not agreement at any cost. It is a clearer conversation that either produces a durable next step or reveals, early enough, that no workable deal exists.